7052945_113743431706

von Bayern, Ludwig IV 1 2a 3a 4a 5a 6a

Birth Name von Bayern, Ludwig IV
Gender male
Age at Death 65 years, 6 months, 10 days

Events

Event Date Place Description Sources
Birth 1282-04-01 Munchen, Bavaria, Germany   7a
Death 1347-10-11 Puch, Furstenfeldbruck, Bavaria, Germany   7b

Age: 65y 6m 10d

Parents

Relation to main person Name Birth date Death date Relation within this family (if not by birth)
Father of Upper Bavaria, Ludwig II12291294
Mother of Austria, Mathilde12511304-12-23
    Brother     of Upper Bavaria, Rudolf I 1274-10-04
    Sister     of Bavaria, Mathilde 1275
    Sister     of Bavaria, Agnes 1276
         von Bayern, Ludwig IV 1282-04-01 1347-10-11

Families

Family of von Bayern, Ludwig IV and von Silesia, Beatrix
Married Wife von Silesia, Beatrix ( * 1290 + 1322-10-24 )
   
Event Date Place Description Sources
Marriage 1308-10-14 Munchen, Oberbayern, Bavaria, Germany   7c
  Children
Name Birth Date Death Date
von Bayern, Mechthild1313-06-211346-07-02
of Bavaria, Stephen II1313-12-221375-05-19
von Bayern, Anna13151319-01-29
de Brandenburger, Ludwig V1315-05-001361-09-18

Family of von Bayern, Ludwig IV and de Hainaut, Margaret
Married Wife de Hainaut, Margaret ( * 1311-06-24 + 1356-06-23 )
   
Event Date Place Description Sources
Marriage 1327-02-25 Koln, Rheinland, Prussia   7d
  Children
Name Birth Date Death Date
of Bavaria, Ludwig1328-05-071365-05-17
von Bayern-Munchen, Margarete13291374
of Bavaria, Elisabeth13291402-08-02
von BAyern-Straubing, Wilhelm Wittelsbach I1330-05-121388-04-15
of Bavaria, Anna1336about 1356
of Bavaria, Albrecht I1336-07-251404-12-16
de Bavaria, Beatrice13441359-12-25
of Wittelsbach, Agnes II13451352-11-11
of Lower Bavaria, Otto V1346-04-181379-11-15
of Bavaria, Louis1347-10-001348

Source References

  1. Errol Bevan: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=PED&db=bevangenealogy&id=I33371&style=TABLE @ RootsWeb Ancestries of Errol S. BEVAN and Hollie C. ATKINSON BEVAN to ADAM and EVE including REINHARDT and BLOCKER Cousins and more
  2. Errol Bevan: http://wc.rootsweb.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?op=GET&db=bevangenealogy&id=I33882 @ RootsWeb Ancestries of Errol S. BEVAN and Hollie C. ATKINSON BEVAN to ADAM and EVE including REINHARDT and BLOCKER Cousins and more
      • Source text:

        # ID: I33882
        # Name: Ludwig IV Emperor Of The HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
        # Surname: HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
        # Given Name: Ludwig IV Emperor Of The
        # Sex: M
        # Birth: 1 Apr 1282 in Mhunchen, Oberbayern, Bavaria
        # Death: 11 Oct 1347 in Kloster Fhurstenfeld, Fhurstenfeldbruck, Oberbayern, Bavaria
        # Burial: Domkirche, Mhunchen, Oberbayern, Bavaria
        # Ancestral File #: 82K5-0T
        # LDS Baptism: 14 Apr 1962 1
        # Endowment: 11 Mar 1963 Temple: MANTI 1
        # Sealing Child: 31 Jul 1963 Temple: SLAKE 1 2
        # Change Date: 3 Apr 2007 at 01:00:00

        Father: Ludwig II Duke Of Upper BAVARIA b: 1229 in Of Bavaria
        Mother: Mathilde Princess Of AUSTRIA b: ABT 1251 in Of Habsburg, Argau, Switzerland

        Marriage 1 Margaretha Countess Of HOLLAND b: 1311 in Of Le Quesnoy, Nord, France

        * Married: 25 Feb 1324 in , Koln, Rheinland, Prussia
        * Sealing Spouse: 13 Jan 1983 in JRIVE 1

        Children

        1. Has No Children Anna Princess Of BAVARIA b: ABT 1340 in Of Mhunchen, Oberbayern, Bavaria
        2. Has No Children Agnes II Princess Of BAVARIA b: 1345 in Of Mhunchen, Oberbayern, Bavaria
        3. Has No Children Otto V Duke Of LOWER BAVARIA b: BEF 18 Apr 1346 in Mhunchen, Oberbayern, Bavaria
        4. Has No Children Ludwig Prince Of BAVARIA b: Oct 1347 in Mhunchen, Oberbayern, Bavaria
        5. Has No Children Margarethe Princess Of BAVARIA b: 1325 in Of Uffenheim, Mittelfranken, Bavaria
        6. Has No Children Anna Princess Of BAVARIA b: ABT 1326 in Of Mhunchen, Oberbayern, Bavaria
        7. Has No Children Ludwig VI Duke Of BAVARIA b: 7 May 1328 in , Roma, Roma, Italy
        8. Has Children Elisabeth van Beieren Princess of BAVARIA b: 1329 in Of Mhunchen, Oberbayern, Bavaria
        9. Has No Children Wilhelm I Duke Of BAVARIA b: 12 May 1330 in Frankfurt A Main, Hessen Nassau, Prussia
        10. Has Children Albrecht I Duke Of BAVARIA b: 25 Jul 1336 in Mhunchen, Oberbayern, Bavaria
        11. Has No Children Beatrix Princess Of BAVARIA QUEEN OF SWEDEN b: 1344 in Of Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Prussia

         

        Marriage 2 Beatrycza (Beatrix) Princess Of GLOGAU b: ABT 1290 in Of Glogau, Schlesien, Prussia

        * Married: ABT 1308 in Prob Schlesien, Prussia
        * Sealing Spouse: 31 Jul 1963 in SLAKE 1

        Children

        1. Has Children Stefan II Duke Of BAVARIA-LANDSHUT b: 22 Dec 1313 in Of Mhunchen, Oberbayern, Bavaria
        2. Has Children Mathilde, Princess Of BAVARIA b: ABT 1309 in Of Mhunchen, Oberbayern, Bavaria
        3. Has No Children Daughter, Princess Of BAVARIA b: ABT Sep 1314 in Of Mhunchen, Oberbayern Bavaria
        4. Has No Children Anna, Princess Of BAVARIA b: 1315 in Of Mhunchen, Oberbayern Bavaria
        5. Has No Children Ludwig V Duke Of BAVARIA b: Jul 1316 in Of Mhunchen, Oberbayern Bavaria
        6. Has No Children Agnes, Princess Of BAVARIA b: 1318 in Of Mhunchen, Oberbayern Bavaria

         

        Sources:

        1. Repository:
        Name: Family History Library
        Salt Lake City, UT 84150 USA
        Title: Ordinance Index (TM)
        Author: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
        2. Repository:
        Name: Family History Library
        Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA
        Title: Ancestral File (R)
        Author: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
        Publication: Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998

         

         

      • Citation:

        bevangenealogyservices@hotmail.com

      • Source text:

        Name Ludwig IV the Bavarian
        Death Date 11 Oct 1347
        Birth Date 01 Apr 1282
        Event Type Burial
        Event Date 1347
        Event Place Munich (München), Münchener Stadtkreis, Bavaria (Bayern), Germany
        Cemetery Frauenkirche Cathedral
        Photograph Included Y
        Note Contains Biography

        ---

        Holy Roman Emperor. Born in Munich, Germany. Son of Ludwig Von Wittlelsbach II, Duke Upper Bayern (1229-1294) and Mathilde Von Habsburg (1254-1304). Founder of the Duchy of Bavaria (Herzogtum Bayern). King Ludwig IV, The Bavarian was the first German king of the Wittlesbacher dynasty to be crowned in 1314 and was crowned emperor in 1328. Married to Beatrix Von Silezia of Silezia-Glogau in 1309. Beatrix born in 1290, Died in 1322. Married to Margaretha-Comtesse de Hainault, d' Avesnes, February 25,1324 in Koln, Rheinland, Prussia. Margaretha born in 1311 of Le Quesnoy, Nord, France, Died June 23, 1356 in Le Quesnoy, Nord, France. She is buried in Valenciennes, Nord, France. Ludwig IV has a son, Stephen Von Wittelsbach II, Duke Von Bayern. Buried in the Frauenkirche Cathedral (Church of Our Lady) in Munich (Muenchen), Germany. Ludwig IV died in 1347 of a stroke.

      • Citation:

        "Find A Grave Index," database, FamilySearch (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:QVV9-1CBW : 26 July 2019), Ludwig IV the Bavarian, 1347; Burial, Munich (München), Münchener Stadtkreis, Bavaria (Bayern), Germany, Frauenkirche Cathedral; citing record ID 7052945, Find a Grave, http://www.findagrave.com.

        https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/7052945/ludwig_iv_the_bavarian

  3. Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor - Wikipedia
      • Source text:

        Louis IV (German: Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328 until his death in 1347.

        Louis' election as king of Germany in 1314 was controversial, as his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair was simultaneously elected king by a separate set of electors. Louis defeated Frederick in the Battle of Mühldorf in 1322, and the two eventually reconciled. Louis was opposed and excommunicated by the French Pope John XXII; Louis in turn attempted to depose the pope and install an anti-pope.

        Louis IV was Duke of Upper Bavaria from 1294 to 1301 together with his elder brother Rudolf I, was Margrave of Brandenburg until 1323, and Count Palatine of the Rhine until 1329, and became Duke of Lower Bavaria in 1340. He was the last Bavarian to be a king of Germany until 1742. He became Count of Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland in 1345 when his wife Margaret inherited those domains.[1][2]

        Early reign as Duke of Upper Bavaria
        Louis was born in Munich, the son of Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Matilda, a daughter of King Rudolph I.[3][4]

        Though Louis was partly educated in Vienna and became co-regent of his brother Rudolf I in Upper Bavaria in 1301 with the support of his Habsburg mother and her brother, King Albert I, he quarreled with the Habsburgs from 1307 over possessions in Lower Bavaria. A civil war against his brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands was ended in 1313, when peace was made at Munich.

        In the same year, on November 9, Louis defeated his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair who was further aided by duke Leopold I.[5] Originally, he was a friend of Frederick, with whom he had been raised. However, armed conflict arose when the guardianship over the young Dukes of Lower Bavaria (Henry XIV, Otto IV, and Henry XV) was entrusted to Frederick, even though the late Duke Otto III, the former King of Hungary, had chosen Louis. On 9 November 1313, Frederick was defeated by Louis in the Battle of Gammelsdorf and had to renounce the tutelage. This victory caused a stir within the Holy Roman Empire and increased the reputation of the Bavarian Duke.[1]

        Election as German King and conflict with Frederick the Fair
        The death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII in August 1313 necessitated the election of a successor. Henry's son John, King of Bohemia since 1310, was considered by many prince-electors to be too young,[6] and by others to be already too powerful. One alternative was Frederick the Fair, the son of Henry's predecessor, Albert I, of the House of Habsburg. In reaction, the pro-Luxembourg party among the prince electors settled on Louis as its candidate to prevent Frederick's election.[7]

        On 19 October 1314, Archbishop Henry II of Cologne chaired an assembly of four electors at Sachsenhausen, south of Frankfurt. Participants were Louis' brother, Rudolph I of the Palatinate, who objected to the election of his younger brother, Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg, and Henry of Carinthia, whom the Luxembourgs had deposed as King of Bohemia. These four electors chose Frederick as King.

        The Luxembourg party did not accept this election and the next day a second election was held.[8] Upon the instigation of Peter of Aspelt, Archbishop of Mainz, five different electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Louis as King. These electors were Archbishop Peter himself, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier and King John of Bohemia - both of the House of Luxembourg - Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg and Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg, who contested Rudolph of Wittenberg's claim to the electoral vote.

        This double election was quickly followed by two coronations: Louis was crowned at Aachen - the customary site of coronations - by Archbishop Peter of Mainz, while the Archbishop of Cologne, who by custom had the right to crown the new king, crowned Frederick at Bonn. In the following conflict between the kings, Louis recognized in 1316 the independence of Switzerland from the Habsburg dynasty.[1]

        After several years of bloody war, victory finally seemed within the grasp of Frederick, who was strongly supported by his brother Leopold. However, Frederick's army was decisively defeated in the Battle of Mühldorf[9] on 28 September 1322 on the Ampfing Heath, where Frederick and 1300 nobles from Austria and Salzburg were captured.

        Louis held Frederick captive in Trausnitz Castle (Schwandorf) for three years, but the determined resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat of John of Bohemia from his alliance, and a ban by Pope John XXII, who excommunicated Louis in 1324, induced Louis to release Frederick in the Treaty of Trausnitz of 13 March 1325. In this agreement, Frederick recognized Louis as legitimate ruler and undertook to return to captivity should he not succeed in convincing his brothers to submit to Louis.[10][11]

        As he did not manage to overcome Leopold's obstinacy, Frederick returned to Munich as a prisoner, even though the Pope had released him from his oath. Louis, who was impressed by such nobility, renewed the old friendship with Frederick, and they agreed to rule the Empire jointly. Since the Pope and the electors strongly objected to this agreement, another treaty was signed at Ulm on 7 January 1326, according to which Frederick would administer Germany as King of the Romans, while Louis would be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in Italy. However, after Leopold's death in 1326, Frederick withdrew from the regency of the Empire and returned to rule only Austria. He died on 13 January 1330.[1][7]

        Coronation as Holy Roman Emperor and conflict with the Pope

        After the reconciliation with the Habsburgs in 1326, Louis marched to Italy and was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1327. Already in 1323, Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the Kingdom of Naples, which was together with France the strongest ally of the papacy. But now the Lord of Milan Galeazzo I Visconti was deposed since he was suspected of conspiring with the pope.[2]

        In January 1328, Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of the Roman people. Three months later, Louis published a decree declaring Pope John XXII (Jacques Duèze), who resided in Avignon, deposed on grounds of heresy. He then installed a Spiritual Franciscan, Pietro Rainalducci as antipope Nicholas V, who soon left Rome and a few years later submitted to Pope John XXII. In the meantime, Robert, King of Naples had sent both a fleet and an army against Louis and his ally Frederick II of Sicily. Louis spent the winter 1328/29 in Pisa and stayed then in Northern Italy. When his co-ruler Frederick of Habsburg died in 1330, Louis returned from Italy. In fulfillment of an oath, Louis founded Ettal Abbey on 28 April 1330.[12]

        Franciscan theologians Michael of Cesena and William of Ockham, and the philosopher Marsilius of Padua, who were all on bad terms with the Pope as well, joined Emperor Louis in Italy and accompanied him to his court at Alter Hof in Munich which became the first imperial residence of the Holy Roman Empire.[1]

        In 1333, Emperor Louis sought to counter French influence in the southwest of the empire so he offered Humbert II of Viennois the Kingdom of Arles which was an opportunity to gain full authority over Savoy, Provence, and its surrounding territories. Humbert was reluctant to take the crown due to the conflict that would follow with all around him, so he declined, telling the emperor that he should make peace with the church first.[13]

        Emperor Louis also allied with King Edward III of England in 1337 against King Philip VI of France, the protector of the new Pope Benedict XII in Avignon. King Philip VI had prevented any agreement between the Emperor and the Pope. Thus, the failure of negotiations with the papacy led to the declaration at Rhense in 1338 by six electors to the effect that election by all or the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation. King Edward III was the Emperor's guest at the Imperial Diet in the Kastorkirche at Coblence in 1338 and was named Vicar-General of the Holy Roman Empire. However in 1341, the Emperor deserted Edward III but came to terms with Philip VI only temporarily. For the expected English payments were missing and Louis intended to reach an agreement with the Pope one more time.[2][4]

        Imperial privileges
        Louis IV was a protector of the Teutonic Knights. In 1337 he allegedly bestowed upon the Teutonic Order a privilege to conquer Lithuania and Russia, although the Order had only petitioned for three small territories.[14] Later he forbade the Order to stand trial before foreign courts in their territorial conflicts with foreign rulers.[15]

        Louis concentrated his energies also on the economic development of the cities of the empire, so his name can be found in many city chronicles for the privileges he granted. In 1330 the emperor for example permitted the Frankfurt Trade Fair, and in 1340 Lübeck, as the leading member of the Hanseatic League, received the coinage prerogative for golden gulden.[1]

        Dynastic policy

        In 1323 Louis gave Brandenburg as a fiefdom to his eldest son Louis V after the Brandenburg branch of the House of Ascania had died out. With the Treaty of Pavia in 1329 the emperor reconciled the sons of his late brother Rudolph and returned the Palatinate to his nephews Rudolf and Rupert. After the death of Henry of Bohemia, the duchy of Carinthia was released as an imperial fief on 2 May 1335 in Linz to his Habsburg cousins Albert II, Duke of Austria, and Otto, Duke of Austria, while Tyrol was first placed into Luxemburg hands.[16][17]

        With the death of duke John I in 1340 Louis inherited Lower Bavaria and then reunited the duchy of Bavaria. John's mother, a member of the Luxemburg dynasty, had to return to Bohemia. In 1342 Louis also acquired Tyrol for the Wittelsbach by voiding the first marriage of Margarete Maultasch with John Henry of Bohemia and marrying her to his own son Louis V, thus alienating the House of Luxemburg even more.[2]

        In 1345 the emperor further antagonized the lay princes by conferring Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland upon his wife, Margaret II of Hainaut. The hereditary titles of Margaret's sisters, one of whom was the queen of England, were ignored. Because of the dangerous hostility of the Luxemburgs, Louis had increased his power base ruthlessly.[1]

        Conflict with Luxemburg

        The acquisition of these territories and his restless foreign policy had earned Louis many enemies among the German princes. In the summer of 1346 the Luxemburg Charles IV was elected rival king, with the support of Pope Clement VI. Louis himself obtained much support from the Imperial Free Cities and the knights and successfully resisted Charles, who was widely regarded as a papal puppet ("rex clericorum" as William of Ockham called him). Also the Habsburg dukes stayed loyal to Louis. In the Battle of Crécy Charles' father John of Luxemburg was killed; Charles himself also took part in the battle but escaped.

        But then Louis' sudden death avoided a longer civil war. Louis died in October 1347 from a stroke suffered during a bear-hunt in Puch near Fürstenfeldbruck. He is buried in the Frauenkirche in Munich. The sons of Louis supported Günther von Schwarzburg as new rival king to Charles but finally joined the Luxemburg party after Günther's early death in 1349 and divided the Wittelsbach possessions amongst themselves again. In continuance of the conflict of the House of Wittelsbach with the House of Luxemburg, the Wittelsbach family returned to power in the Holy Roman Empire in 1400 with King Rupert of Germany, a great-grandnephew of Louis.[1]

        Family and children
        In 1308 Louis IV married his first wife, Beatrice of Silesia (1290-1322).[3] Their children were:

        Mathilda (aft. 21 June 1313 – 2 July 1346, Meißen), married at Nuremberg 1 July 1329 Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (d. 1349)
        Daughter (end September 1314 – died shortly after).
        Louis V, Duke of Bavaria (July 1315 – 17/18 September 1361), duke of Upper Bavaria, margrave of Brandenburg, count of Tyrol
        Anna (c. July 1317[18] – 29 January 1319, Kastl)
        Agnes (c. 1318 – died shortly after).
        Stephen II (autumn 1319 – 19 May 1375),[3] duke of Lower Bavaria
        In 1324 he married his second wife, Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut and Holland (1308-1356). Their children were:

        Margaret (1325 – 1374), married:
        in 1351 in Ofen Stephen, Duke of Slavonia (d. 1354), son of the King Charles I of Hungary;
        1357/58 Gerlach von Hohenlohe.
        Anna (c. 1326 – 3 June 1361, Fontenelles) married John I of Lower Bavaria (d. 1340).
        Louis VI the Roman (7 May 1328 – 17 May 1365), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
        Elisabeth (1329 – 2 August 1402, Stuttgart), married:
        Cangrande II della Scala, Lord of Verona (d. 1359) in Verona on 22 November 1350;
        Count Ulrich of Württemberg (died 1388 in the Battle of Döffingen) in 1362.
        William V of Holland (12 May 1330 – 15 April 1389), as William I duke of Lower Bavaria, as William III count of Hainaut[19]
        Agnes (Munich, 1335 – 11 November 1352, Munich).
        Albert I of Holland (25 Jul 1336 – 13 December 1404), duke of Lower Bavaria, count of Hainaut and Holland.
        Otto V the Bavarian (1340/42 – 15/16 November 1379), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
        Beatrice (1344 – 25 December 1359), married bef. 25 October 1356 Eric XII of Sweden.
        Louis (October 1347 – 1348).
        See also
        Kings of Germany family tree. He was related to every other king of Germany.
        References
        Martin Clauss (22 May 2014). Ludwig IV. der Bayer: Herzog, König, Kaiser. Verlag Friedrich Pustet. ISBN 978-3-7917-6013-1.
        Hubertus Seibert. "Ludwig der Bayer (1314 –1347) Reich und Herrschaft im Wandel" (PDF). Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
        Thomas 2010, p. 387.
        Daniel Daimer (21 September 2004). Ludwig IV. (1282-1347) und das "Licet iuris". GRIN Verlag. ISBN 978-3-638-30839-7.
        Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology, Volume 1. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 190. ISBN 978-0195334036.
        "John, King of Bohemia". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
        Walter Friedensburg (1877). Ludwig IV. der Baier und Friedrich von Oesterreich von dem vertrage zu Trausnitz bis zur zusammenkunft in Innsbruck. Druck von Pontt & v. Döhren.
        John Powell (2001). Magill's Guide to Military History: Cor-Jan. Salem Press. p. 588. ISBN 9780893560164.
        S. C. Rowell (6 March 2014). Lithuania Ascending. Cambridge University Press. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-1-107-65876-9.
        Hans Prutz (22 March 2018). The Age of the Renaissance. Charles River Editors. pp. 16–. ISBN 978-1-5312-4075-2.
        Richard Doebner (1875). Die Auseinandersetzung zwischen Ludwig IV. dem Bayer und Friedrich dem Schönen von Oesterreich im Jahre 1325. Keyssner.
        Bernd Schneidmüller. "Wir sind Kaiser - Ludwig IV. zwischen Gott und den Fürsten" (PDF). Uni Heidelberg. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
        Cox 1967, p. 25-27.
        Urban, William. The Teutonic Knights: A Military History. Greenhill Books. London, 2003, p. 136. ISBN 1-85367-535-0
        Bernd Schneidmüller (2013). "KAISER LUDWIG IV. Imperiale Herrschaft und reichsfürstlicher Konsens". Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung. JSTOR. 40 (3): 369–392. doi:10.3790/zhf.40.3.369. JSTOR 43612325.
        Ludwig Holzfurtner (30 November 2005). Die Wittelsbacher: Staat und Dynastie in acht Jahrhunderten. Kohlhammer Verlag. pp. 81–. ISBN 978-3-17-023234-1.
        Michael Menzel. "König Ludwig IV. belehnt seinen Sohn Ludwig mit der Mark Brandenburgund befiehlt, ihm zu huldigen" (PDF). Historische Kommission zu Berlin. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved March 1, 2020.
        Mumie Anna - Die Rettung einer Prinzessin (in German) [retrieved 22 March 2016].
        Arblaster 2018, p. 266.
        Books
        Arblaster, Paul (2018). A History of the Low Countries. Bloomsbury Publishing.
        Cox, Eugene L. (1967). The Green Count of Savoy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. LCCN 67-11030.
        Thomas, Andrew L. (2010). A House Divided: Wittelsbach Confessional Court Cultures in the Holy Roman Empire, c. 1550-1650. Brill.

      • Citation:

        https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor

  4. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy - LUDWIG von Bayern
      • Source text:

        LUDWIG von Bayern ([Feb/Mar] 1282-Puch bei Fürstenfeldbruck 11 Oct 1347, bur Munich Unsere Liebe Frau). The Notæ Fuerstenfeldenses name "Rudolfum…primogenitus…et Ludovicum ducem iuniorem" as sons of Duke Ludwig & his third wife[493]. His brother associated him with the Government 1300 or 1304 as LUDWIG IV "der Bayer" joint Duke of Upper Bavaria and joint Pfalzgraf bei Rhein (the single electoral vote being held jointly), and partitioned his Bavarian territories with him 1310. In 1313, Ludwig became sole Duke of Bavaria. Elected LUDWIG King of Germany at Frankfurt-am-Main 20 Oct 1314, crowned at Aachen 25 Nov 1314. He deprived his brother Rudolf I of the Palatinate 1314, and forced him to abdicate in his favour 1317 from which time Ludwig governed all the territories alone. Crowned King of Italy at Milan 31 May 1327. Crowned Emperor LUDWIG at Rome 17 Jan 1328.

      • Citation:

        https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BAVARIA.htm#LudwigIVDukedied1347A

  5. Foundation for Medieval Genealogy - LUDWIG von Bayern, son of LUDWIG II "der Strenge" joint Duke of Bavaria & his third wife Mechtild von Habsburg
      • Source text:

        LUDWIG von Bayern, son of LUDWIG II "der Strenge" joint Duke of Bavaria & his third wife Mechtild von Habsburg ([Feb/Mar] 1282-Puch bei Fürstenfeldbruck 11 Oct 1347, bur Munich Unsere Liebe Frau). The Notæ Fuerstenfeldenses name "Rudolfum…primogenitus…et Ludovicum ducem iuniorem" as sons of Duke Ludwig & his third wife[594]. His brother associated him with the government in 1300 or 1304 as LUDWIG IV joint Duke of Upper Bavaria and joint Pfalzgraf bei Rhein (the single electoral vote being held jointly), and partitioned his Bavarian territories with him in 1310. In 1313, Ludwig became sole Duke of Bavaria. Elected LUDWIG "der Bayer" King of Germany at Frankfurt-am-Main 20 Oct 1314, crowned at Aachen 25 Nov 1314. The nickname is a survival of the term of address "Ludovicus Bavarus" used by Pope John XXII to indicate his non-recognition of Ludwig's election as king of Germany[595]. He deprived his brother Rudolf I of the Palatinate in 1314, and forced him to abdicate in his favour in 1317 from which time Ludwig governed all the territories alone. After several years of war with his rival in Germany, Lud wig defeated and captured Friedrich of Austria at Mühldorf, near the River Inn, in 1322. Ludwig was actively opposed by Pope John XXII who accused him of assuming the German throne without papal confirmation, excommunicated him and placed the whole of Germany under an interdict in 1324[596]. In 1325, he finally recognised Friedrich as joint-king. He was crowned King of Italy at Milan 31 May 1327, despite further moves against him by the Pope in Avignon, and was received enthusiastically by the people in Rome where he was crowned Emperor LUDWIG IV on 17 Jan 1328. He called himself Ludwig IV as Emperor, although he was in fact the fifth Emperor Ludwig. Pope John XXII declared the coronation void and excommunicated him again, while Ludwig declared the Pope deposed and installed the Spiritual Franciscan Nicholas V as anti-Pope[597]. In 1329, he agreed the Convention of Pavia with his nephews Rudolf II and Ruprecht I under which the latter jointly received the Palatinate while Ludwig IV continued as sole ruler of Upper Bavaria. Ludwig's anti-papal position received support in Germany from 1338, when the electors declared in his favour at Obstgaten near Rhens on 16 Jun 1338, issuing a treaty for the preservation of imperial and electoral prerogatives[598]. In 1338, Ludwig recognised the claim of Edward III King of England to the French throne and prepared for war with France, though eventually adopted a position of neutrality in the dispute[599]. He succeeded his relative Johann “das Kind” in 1340 as Duke of Lower Bavaria, thus joining all the Bavarian territories once more. Ludwig alienated his ecclesiastical supporters in 1342 when he arranged the divorce of Margareta "Maultasch" Gräfin von Tirol from her first husband and her remarriage to his son Ludwig. He was declared deposed 11 Jul 1346, and Charles de Luxembourg was chosen as his successor. The Historia Episcoporum Pataviensium et Ducum Bavariæ records the death in 1347 of "Ludwicus imperator"[600]. The necrology of Fürstenfeld records the death "II Non Oct" of "Ludovici marchionis, Superoris Bavariæ ducis"[601]. The necrology of Diessen records the death "V Id Oct 1347" of "Ludwicus imperator Romanorum filius ducis Ludwici Bawarie, fundator in Etal"[602]. He died during a bear hunt when he had a stroke and fell from his horse[603].

        m firstly ([14 Oct 1308/1311]) BEATRIX von Schweidnitz, daughter of BOLKO I Duke of Jauer und Schweidnitz [Piast] & his wife Beatrix von Brandenburg ([1290]-Munich 24 Aug 1322, bur Munich Unsere Liebe Frau). The Notæ Fuerstenfeldenses record the marriage of "ducis Polonie filia Beatrice" and Duke Ludwig[604].

        m secondly (Köln 25 Feb 1324) MARGUERITE de Hainaut, daughter of GUILLAUME III "le Bon" Comte de Hainaut [WILLEM III Count of Holland] & his wife Jeanne de Valois (24 Jun-Le Quesnoy 23 Jun 1356, bur Valenciennes). The History of Henricus Dapifer de Diessenhoven records that "dominus Ludewicus et rex Anglie et marchio Iuliacensis" had married "tres…sorores…fillies comitis Hannonie sive Hollandie"[605]. The Chronica Pragensis (Chronicon Francisci) records the marriage in 1324 of "Rex Ludwicus" and "filiam Comitis Holandiæ"[606]. The Oude Kronik van Brabant records the marriage "apud Aquisgranum" of "Wilhelmus comes Hollandie…Margaretam filiam suam" and "Ludovico duci Bavarie, imperatori Romanorum"[607]. She succeeded her brother in 1345 as MARGUERITE II Ctss de Hainaut, MARGARETA Ctss of Holland and Zeeland. She abdicated 7 Dec 1354.

        Emperor/Duke Ludwig & his first wife had five children:

        1. MECHTILD (after 21 Jun 1313-Meissen 2 Jul 1346, bur Kl Altzelle).
        2. LUDWIG (Jul 1316-Zorneding 17/18 Sep 1361, bur Munich).
        3. daughter (end Sep 1314-).
        4. ANNA ([1316]-Kastl 29 Jan 1319, bur Kastl).
        5. STEFAN (Autumn 1319-Landshut 19 May 1375, bur Munich Unsere Liebe Frau).

        Emperor/Duke Ludwig & his second wife had ten children:

        6. MARGARETA (1325-1374).
        7. ANNA ([1326]-3 Jun 1361, bur Fontenelles). Nun at Fontenelles near Valenciennes.
        8. LUDWIG (Rome 7 May 1328-Berlin 17 May 1365, bur Berlin Church of the Franciscan Order).
        9. ELISABETH (1329-Stuttgart 2 Aug 1402, bur Stuttgart Stiftskirche).
        10. WILHELM (Frankfurt-am-Main 12 May 1330-Le Quesnoy 15 Apr 1388, bur Valenciennes).
        11. ALBRECHT (Munich 25 Jul 1336-The Hague 13 Dec 1404, bur The Hague).
        12. OTTO (Munich 1340 or 1342-Schloß Wolfstein an der Isar 15/16 Nov 1379, bur Seligenthal).
        13. BEATRIX (1344-25 Dec 1359).
        14. AGNES (Munich 1345-Munich 11 Nov 1352, bur Munich Unsere Liebe Frau).
        15. LUDWIG (early Oct 1347-1348, bur Munich Unsere Liebe Frau).

      • Citation:

        https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BAVARIA.htm#LudwigIVDukedied1347B

  6. Louis IV of Upper Bavaria (Wittelsbach), Holy Roman Emperor - GENi
      • Source text:

        Louis IV of Upper Bavaria (Wittelsbach), Holy Roman Emperor
        German: Ludwig IV von Wittelsbach, IV
        Also Known As: "Louis the Bavarian"
        Birthdate: April 01, 1282
        Birthplace: München, Bayern, Deutschland(HRR)
        Death: October 11, 1347 (65)
        Kloster Furstnef, Fürstenfeldbruch, Bayern, Deutschland(HRR)
        Place of Burial: München, Bayern, Deutschland(HRR)
        Immediate Family:
        Son of Ludwig II "the Severe", duke of Upper Bavaria and Mathilde von Habsburg
        Husband of Beatrice of Silesia and Margaretha Countess Of de Hainault, Kaiserin des Heiligen Römischen Reiches
        Father of William van der Poel; Princess Matilde of Bavaria; daughter 2 of Louis IV; Louis V, the Brandenburger; princess Anna of Wittelsbach and 16 others
        Brother of Rudolf I, Herzog von Oberbayern; Mechthild av Bayern Wittelsbach and Agnes von Bayern
        Half brother of Maria av Bayern Wittelsbach and Agnes von Bayern Wittelsbach

         

        Occupation: Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire /Hertog van Beieren vanaf 1294, Duits koning 1314-1347, keizer 1328-1347, Keizer, Holy Roman Emperor, King of Germany, King of the Romans, m. 1308, 1328 Deutscher Kaiser

      • Citation:

        https://www.geni.com/people/Louis-IV-Duke-of-Upper-Bavaria/4202780705000039134?through=6000000030601315479

  7. LK6X-186 FamilySearch.org
      • Source text:

        Louis IV (German: Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328.

        Louis IV was Duke of Upper Bavaria from 1294/1301 together with his elder brother Rudolf I, served as Margrave of Brandenburg until 1323, as Count Palatine of the Rhine until 1329, and he became Duke of Lower Bavaria in 1340. He obtained the titles Count of Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland in 1345 when his wife Margaret inherited them.

        Early reign as Duke of Upper Bavaria

        Louis was born in Munich, the son of Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Matilda, a daughter of King Rudolph I.

        Though Louis was partly educated in Vienna and became co-regent of his brother Rudolf I in Upper Bavaria in 1301 with the support of his Habsburg mother and her brother, King Albert I, he quarrelled with the Habsburgs from 1307 over possessions in Lower Bavaria. A civil war against his brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands was ended in 1313, when peace was made at Munich.

        In the same year, on November 9, Louis defeated his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair who was further aided by duke Leopold I.[1] Originally, he was a friend of Frederick, with whom he had been raised. However, armed conflict arose when the guardianship over the young Dukes of Lower Bavaria (Henry XIV, Otto IV, and Henry XV) was entrusted to Frederick, even though the late Duke Otto III, the former King of Hungary, had chosen Louis. On 9 November 1313, Frederick was defeated by Louis in the Battle of Gamelsdorf and had to renounce the tutelage. This victory caused a stir within the Holy Roman Empire and increased the reputation of the Bavarian Duke.

        Election as German King and conflict with Habsburg

        The death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII in August 1313 necessitated the election of a successor. Henry's son John, King of Bohemia since 1310, seemed too powerful to most prince-electors, opening the door for other candidates. The most likely choice was Frederick the Fair, the son of Henry's predecessor, Albert I, of the House of Habsburg. In reaction, the pro-Luxemburg party among the prince electors settled on Louis as its candidate to prevent Frederick's election.

        On 19 October 1314, Archbishop Henry II Cologne chaired an assembly of four electors assembled at Sachsenhausen, south of Frankfurt. Participants were Louis's brother, Rudolph I of the Palatinate, who objected to the election of his younger brother, Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg, and Henry of Carinthia, whom the Luxemburgs had deposed as King of Bohemia. These four elector chose Frederick as King.

        The Luxemburg party did not accept this election and the next day a second election was held. Upon the instigation of Peter of Aspelt, Archbishop of Mainz, five different electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Louis as King. These electors were Archbishop Peter himself, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier and King John of Bohemia - both of the House of Luxemburg - Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg and Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg, who contested his Rudolph of Wittenbergs claim to the electoral vote.

        This double election was quickly followed by two coronations: Louis was crowned at Aachen - the customary site of coronations - by Archbishop Peter of Mainz, while the Archbishop of Cologne, who by custom had the right to crown the new king, crowned Frederick at Bonn. In the following conflict between the kings, Louis recognized in 1316 the independence of Switzerland from the Habsburg dynasty.

        After several years of bloody war, victory finally seemed within the grasp of Frederick, who was strongly supported by his brother Leopold. However, Frederick's army was decisively defeated in the Battle of Mühldorf on 28 September 1322 on the Ampfing Heath, where Frederick and 1300 nobles from Austria and Salzburg were captured.

        Louis held Frederick captive in Trausnitz Castle (Schwandorf) for three years, but the determined resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat of John of Bohemia from his alliance, and the Pope's ban induced Louis to release Frederick in the Treaty of Trausnitz of 13 March 1325. In this agreement, Frederick recognized Louis as legitimate ruler and undertook to return to captivity if he did not succeed in convincing his brothers to submit to Louis.

        As he did not manage to overcome Leopold's obstinacy, Frederick returned to Munich as a prisoner, even though the Pope had released him from his oath. Louis, who was impressed by such nobility, renewed the old friendship with Frederick, and they agreed to rule the Empire jointly. Since the Pope and the electors strongly objected to this agreement, another treaty was signed at Ulm on 7 January 1326, according to which Frederick would administer Germany as King of the Romans, while Louis would be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in Italy. However, after Leopold's death in 1326, Frederick withdrew from the regency of the Empire and returned to rule only Austria. He died on 13 January 1330.

        Despite Louis' victory, Pope John XXII still refused to ratify his election, and in 1324 he excommunicated Louis, but the sanction had less effect than in earlier disputes between emperors

        Coronation as Holy Roman Emperor and conflict with the Pope

        Holy Roman Emperor

        After the reconciliation with the Habsburgs in 1326, Louis marched to Italy and was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1327. Already in 1323 Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the Kingdom of Naples, which was together with France the strongest ally of the papacy. But now the Lord of Milan Galeazzo I Visconti was deposed since he was suspected of conspiring with the pope.

        In January 1328 Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of the Roman people. Three months later Louis published a decree declaring "Jacque de Cahors" (Pope John XXII) deposed on grounds of heresy. He then installed a Spiritual Franciscan, Pietro Rainalducci, as Nicholas V, but both left Rome in August 1328. In the meantime Robert, King of Naples had sent both a fleet and an army against Louis and his ally Peter II of Sicily. Louis spent the winter 1328/29 in Pisa and stayed then in Northern Italy until his co-ruler Frederick of Habsburg had died. In fulfilment of an oath, on his return from Italy Louis founded Ettal Abbey on 28 April 1330.

        Franciscan theologians Michael of Cesena, and William of Ockham and the philosopher Marsilius of Padua, who were on bad terms with the Pope as well, joined Louis in Italy and accompanied him to his court in Munich.

        In 1333, Louis sought to counter French influence in the southwest of the empire, and offered Humbert II of Viennois the Kingdom of Arles, an opportunity to gain full authority over Savoy, Provence, and surrounding territories. Humbert was reluctant to take the crown and the conflict that would follow with all around him, so he declined, telling Louis that he should make peace with the church first.[2]

        The failure of later negotiations with the papacy led in 1338 to the declaration at Rhense by six electors to the effect that election by all or the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation.

        Louis also allied in 1337 with Edward III of England against Philip VI of France, the protector of the new Pope Benedict XII in Avignon. Philip had prevented any agreement between the emperor and the pope. In 1338 Edward III was the emperor's guest at the Imperial Diet in the Kastorkirche at Coblence and was named vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1341 Louis deserted Edward but came only temporarily to terms with Philip. The expected English payments were missing and Louis intended to reach an agreement with the pope one more time

        Family and children[edit]

        In 1308 Louis IV married his first wife, Beatrix of Świdnica. Their children were:
        1.Mathilde (aft. 21 June 1313 – 2 July 1346, Meißen), married at Nuremberg 1 July 1329 Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (d. 1349)
        2.Daughter (end September 1314 – died shortly after).
        3.Louis V the Brandenburger (July 1316 – 17/18 September 1361), duke of Upper Bavaria, margrave of Brandenburg, count of Tyrol
        4.Anna (c. July 1317[4] – 29 January 1319, Kastl)
        5.Agnes (c. 1318 – died shortly after).
        6.Stephen II (autumn 1319 – 19 May 1375), duke of Lower Bavaria

        In 1324 he married his second wife, Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut and Holland. Their children were:
        1.Margaret (1325 – 1374), married: 1.in 1351 in Ofen Stephen, Duke of Slavonia (d. 1354), son of the King Charles I of Hungary;
        2.1357/58 Gerlach von Hohenlohe.

        2.Anna (c. 1326 – 3 June 1361, Fontenelles) married John I of Lower Bavaria (d. 1340).
        3.Louis VI the Roman (7 May 1328 – 17 May 1365), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
        4.Elisabeth (1329 – 2 August 1402, Stuttgart), married: 1.Cangrande II della Scala, Lord of Verona (d. 1359) in Verona on 22 November 1350;
        2.Count Ulrich of Württemberg (died 1388 in the Battle of Döffingen) in 1362.

        5.William V of Holland (12 May 1330 – 15 April 1389), as William I duke of Lower Bavaria, as William III count of Hainaut.
        6.Agnes (Munich, 1335 – 11 November 1352, Munich).
        7.Albert I of Holland (25 Jul 1336 – 13 December 1404), duke of Lower Bavaria, count of Hainaut and Holland.
        8.Otto V the Bavarian (1340/42 – 15/16 November 1379), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
        9.Beatrix (1344 – 25 December 1359), married bef. 25 October 1356 Eric XII of Sweden.
        10.Louis (October 1347 – 1348

      • Citation:

        https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LK6X-186

      • Source text:

        Louis IV (German: Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328.

        Louis IV was Duke of Upper Bavaria from 1294/1301 together with his elder brother Rudolf I, served as Margrave of Brandenburg until 1323, as Count Palatine of the Rhine until 1329, and he became Duke of Lower Bavaria in 1340. He obtained the titles Count of Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland in 1345 when his wife Margaret inherited them.

        Early reign as Duke of Upper Bavaria

        Louis was born in Munich, the son of Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Matilda, a daughter of King Rudolph I.

        Though Louis was partly educated in Vienna and became co-regent of his brother Rudolf I in Upper Bavaria in 1301 with the support of his Habsburg mother and her brother, King Albert I, he quarrelled with the Habsburgs from 1307 over possessions in Lower Bavaria. A civil war against his brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands was ended in 1313, when peace was made at Munich.

        In the same year, on November 9, Louis defeated his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair who was further aided by duke Leopold I.[1] Originally, he was a friend of Frederick, with whom he had been raised. However, armed conflict arose when the guardianship over the young Dukes of Lower Bavaria (Henry XIV, Otto IV, and Henry XV) was entrusted to Frederick, even though the late Duke Otto III, the former King of Hungary, had chosen Louis. On 9 November 1313, Frederick was defeated by Louis in the Battle of Gamelsdorf and had to renounce the tutelage. This victory caused a stir within the Holy Roman Empire and increased the reputation of the Bavarian Duke.

        Election as German King and conflict with Habsburg

        The death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII in August 1313 necessitated the election of a successor. Henry's son John, King of Bohemia since 1310, seemed too powerful to most prince-electors, opening the door for other candidates. The most likely choice was Frederick the Fair, the son of Henry's predecessor, Albert I, of the House of Habsburg. In reaction, the pro-Luxemburg party among the prince electors settled on Louis as its candidate to prevent Frederick's election.

        On 19 October 1314, Archbishop Henry II Cologne chaired an assembly of four electors assembled at Sachsenhausen, south of Frankfurt. Participants were Louis's brother, Rudolph I of the Palatinate, who objected to the election of his younger brother, Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg, and Henry of Carinthia, whom the Luxemburgs had deposed as King of Bohemia. These four elector chose Frederick as King.

        The Luxemburg party did not accept this election and the next day a second election was held. Upon the instigation of Peter of Aspelt, Archbishop of Mainz, five different electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Louis as King. These electors were Archbishop Peter himself, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier and King John of Bohemia - both of the House of Luxemburg - Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg and Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg, who contested his Rudolph of Wittenbergs claim to the electoral vote.

        This double election was quickly followed by two coronations: Louis was crowned at Aachen - the customary site of coronations - by Archbishop Peter of Mainz, while the Archbishop of Cologne, who by custom had the right to crown the new king, crowned Frederick at Bonn. In the following conflict between the kings, Louis recognized in 1316 the independence of Switzerland from the Habsburg dynasty.

        After several years of bloody war, victory finally seemed within the grasp of Frederick, who was strongly supported by his brother Leopold. However, Frederick's army was decisively defeated in the Battle of Mühldorf on 28 September 1322 on the Ampfing Heath, where Frederick and 1300 nobles from Austria and Salzburg were captured.

        Louis held Frederick captive in Trausnitz Castle (Schwandorf) for three years, but the determined resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat of John of Bohemia from his alliance, and the Pope's ban induced Louis to release Frederick in the Treaty of Trausnitz of 13 March 1325. In this agreement, Frederick recognized Louis as legitimate ruler and undertook to return to captivity if he did not succeed in convincing his brothers to submit to Louis.

        As he did not manage to overcome Leopold's obstinacy, Frederick returned to Munich as a prisoner, even though the Pope had released him from his oath. Louis, who was impressed by such nobility, renewed the old friendship with Frederick, and they agreed to rule the Empire jointly. Since the Pope and the electors strongly objected to this agreement, another treaty was signed at Ulm on 7 January 1326, according to which Frederick would administer Germany as King of the Romans, while Louis would be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in Italy. However, after Leopold's death in 1326, Frederick withdrew from the regency of the Empire and returned to rule only Austria. He died on 13 January 1330.

        Despite Louis' victory, Pope John XXII still refused to ratify his election, and in 1324 he excommunicated Louis, but the sanction had less effect than in earlier disputes between emperors

        Coronation as Holy Roman Emperor and conflict with the Pope

        Holy Roman Emperor

        After the reconciliation with the Habsburgs in 1326, Louis marched to Italy and was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1327. Already in 1323 Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the Kingdom of Naples, which was together with France the strongest ally of the papacy. But now the Lord of Milan Galeazzo I Visconti was deposed since he was suspected of conspiring with the pope.

        In January 1328 Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of the Roman people. Three months later Louis published a decree declaring "Jacque de Cahors" (Pope John XXII) deposed on grounds of heresy. He then installed a Spiritual Franciscan, Pietro Rainalducci, as Nicholas V, but both left Rome in August 1328. In the meantime Robert, King of Naples had sent both a fleet and an army against Louis and his ally Peter II of Sicily. Louis spent the winter 1328/29 in Pisa and stayed then in Northern Italy until his co-ruler Frederick of Habsburg had died. In fulfilment of an oath, on his return from Italy Louis founded Ettal Abbey on 28 April 1330.

        Franciscan theologians Michael of Cesena, and William of Ockham and the philosopher Marsilius of Padua, who were on bad terms with the Pope as well, joined Louis in Italy and accompanied him to his court in Munich.

        In 1333, Louis sought to counter French influence in the southwest of the empire, and offered Humbert II of Viennois the Kingdom of Arles, an opportunity to gain full authority over Savoy, Provence, and surrounding territories. Humbert was reluctant to take the crown and the conflict that would follow with all around him, so he declined, telling Louis that he should make peace with the church first.[2]

        The failure of later negotiations with the papacy led in 1338 to the declaration at Rhense by six electors to the effect that election by all or the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation.

        Louis also allied in 1337 with Edward III of England against Philip VI of France, the protector of the new Pope Benedict XII in Avignon. Philip had prevented any agreement between the emperor and the pope. In 1338 Edward III was the emperor's guest at the Imperial Diet in the Kastorkirche at Coblence and was named vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1341 Louis deserted Edward but came only temporarily to terms with Philip. The expected English payments were missing and Louis intended to reach an agreement with the pope one more time

        Family and children[edit]

        In 1308 Louis IV married his first wife, Beatrix of Świdnica. Their children were:
        1.Mathilde (aft. 21 June 1313 – 2 July 1346, Meißen), married at Nuremberg 1 July 1329 Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (d. 1349)
        2.Daughter (end September 1314 – died shortly after).
        3.Louis V the Brandenburger (July 1316 – 17/18 September 1361), duke of Upper Bavaria, margrave of Brandenburg, count of Tyrol
        4.Anna (c. July 1317[4] – 29 January 1319, Kastl)
        5.Agnes (c. 1318 – died shortly after).
        6.Stephen II (autumn 1319 – 19 May 1375), duke of Lower Bavaria

        In 1324 he married his second wife, Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut and Holland. Their children were:
        1.Margaret (1325 – 1374), married: 1.in 1351 in Ofen Stephen, Duke of Slavonia (d. 1354), son of the King Charles I of Hungary;
        2.1357/58 Gerlach von Hohenlohe.

        2.Anna (c. 1326 – 3 June 1361, Fontenelles) married John I of Lower Bavaria (d. 1340).
        3.Louis VI the Roman (7 May 1328 – 17 May 1365), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
        4.Elisabeth (1329 – 2 August 1402, Stuttgart), married: 1.Cangrande II della Scala, Lord of Verona (d. 1359) in Verona on 22 November 1350;
        2.Count Ulrich of Württemberg (died 1388 in the Battle of Döffingen) in 1362.

        5.William V of Holland (12 May 1330 – 15 April 1389), as William I duke of Lower Bavaria, as William III count of Hainaut.
        6.Agnes (Munich, 1335 – 11 November 1352, Munich).
        7.Albert I of Holland (25 Jul 1336 – 13 December 1404), duke of Lower Bavaria, count of Hainaut and Holland.
        8.Otto V the Bavarian (1340/42 – 15/16 November 1379), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
        9.Beatrix (1344 – 25 December 1359), married bef. 25 October 1356 Eric XII of Sweden.
        10.Louis (October 1347 – 1348

      • Citation:

        https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LK6X-186

      • Source text:

        Louis IV (German: Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328.

        Louis IV was Duke of Upper Bavaria from 1294/1301 together with his elder brother Rudolf I, served as Margrave of Brandenburg until 1323, as Count Palatine of the Rhine until 1329, and he became Duke of Lower Bavaria in 1340. He obtained the titles Count of Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland in 1345 when his wife Margaret inherited them.

        Early reign as Duke of Upper Bavaria

        Louis was born in Munich, the son of Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Matilda, a daughter of King Rudolph I.

        Though Louis was partly educated in Vienna and became co-regent of his brother Rudolf I in Upper Bavaria in 1301 with the support of his Habsburg mother and her brother, King Albert I, he quarrelled with the Habsburgs from 1307 over possessions in Lower Bavaria. A civil war against his brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands was ended in 1313, when peace was made at Munich.

        In the same year, on November 9, Louis defeated his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair who was further aided by duke Leopold I.[1] Originally, he was a friend of Frederick, with whom he had been raised. However, armed conflict arose when the guardianship over the young Dukes of Lower Bavaria (Henry XIV, Otto IV, and Henry XV) was entrusted to Frederick, even though the late Duke Otto III, the former King of Hungary, had chosen Louis. On 9 November 1313, Frederick was defeated by Louis in the Battle of Gamelsdorf and had to renounce the tutelage. This victory caused a stir within the Holy Roman Empire and increased the reputation of the Bavarian Duke.

        Election as German King and conflict with Habsburg

        The death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII in August 1313 necessitated the election of a successor. Henry's son John, King of Bohemia since 1310, seemed too powerful to most prince-electors, opening the door for other candidates. The most likely choice was Frederick the Fair, the son of Henry's predecessor, Albert I, of the House of Habsburg. In reaction, the pro-Luxemburg party among the prince electors settled on Louis as its candidate to prevent Frederick's election.

        On 19 October 1314, Archbishop Henry II Cologne chaired an assembly of four electors assembled at Sachsenhausen, south of Frankfurt. Participants were Louis's brother, Rudolph I of the Palatinate, who objected to the election of his younger brother, Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg, and Henry of Carinthia, whom the Luxemburgs had deposed as King of Bohemia. These four elector chose Frederick as King.

        The Luxemburg party did not accept this election and the next day a second election was held. Upon the instigation of Peter of Aspelt, Archbishop of Mainz, five different electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Louis as King. These electors were Archbishop Peter himself, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier and King John of Bohemia - both of the House of Luxemburg - Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg and Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg, who contested his Rudolph of Wittenbergs claim to the electoral vote.

        This double election was quickly followed by two coronations: Louis was crowned at Aachen - the customary site of coronations - by Archbishop Peter of Mainz, while the Archbishop of Cologne, who by custom had the right to crown the new king, crowned Frederick at Bonn. In the following conflict between the kings, Louis recognized in 1316 the independence of Switzerland from the Habsburg dynasty.

        After several years of bloody war, victory finally seemed within the grasp of Frederick, who was strongly supported by his brother Leopold. However, Frederick's army was decisively defeated in the Battle of Mühldorf on 28 September 1322 on the Ampfing Heath, where Frederick and 1300 nobles from Austria and Salzburg were captured.

        Louis held Frederick captive in Trausnitz Castle (Schwandorf) for three years, but the determined resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat of John of Bohemia from his alliance, and the Pope's ban induced Louis to release Frederick in the Treaty of Trausnitz of 13 March 1325. In this agreement, Frederick recognized Louis as legitimate ruler and undertook to return to captivity if he did not succeed in convincing his brothers to submit to Louis.

        As he did not manage to overcome Leopold's obstinacy, Frederick returned to Munich as a prisoner, even though the Pope had released him from his oath. Louis, who was impressed by such nobility, renewed the old friendship with Frederick, and they agreed to rule the Empire jointly. Since the Pope and the electors strongly objected to this agreement, another treaty was signed at Ulm on 7 January 1326, according to which Frederick would administer Germany as King of the Romans, while Louis would be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in Italy. However, after Leopold's death in 1326, Frederick withdrew from the regency of the Empire and returned to rule only Austria. He died on 13 January 1330.

        Despite Louis' victory, Pope John XXII still refused to ratify his election, and in 1324 he excommunicated Louis, but the sanction had less effect than in earlier disputes between emperors

        Coronation as Holy Roman Emperor and conflict with the Pope

        Holy Roman Emperor

        After the reconciliation with the Habsburgs in 1326, Louis marched to Italy and was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1327. Already in 1323 Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the Kingdom of Naples, which was together with France the strongest ally of the papacy. But now the Lord of Milan Galeazzo I Visconti was deposed since he was suspected of conspiring with the pope.

        In January 1328 Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of the Roman people. Three months later Louis published a decree declaring "Jacque de Cahors" (Pope John XXII) deposed on grounds of heresy. He then installed a Spiritual Franciscan, Pietro Rainalducci, as Nicholas V, but both left Rome in August 1328. In the meantime Robert, King of Naples had sent both a fleet and an army against Louis and his ally Peter II of Sicily. Louis spent the winter 1328/29 in Pisa and stayed then in Northern Italy until his co-ruler Frederick of Habsburg had died. In fulfilment of an oath, on his return from Italy Louis founded Ettal Abbey on 28 April 1330.

        Franciscan theologians Michael of Cesena, and William of Ockham and the philosopher Marsilius of Padua, who were on bad terms with the Pope as well, joined Louis in Italy and accompanied him to his court in Munich.

        In 1333, Louis sought to counter French influence in the southwest of the empire, and offered Humbert II of Viennois the Kingdom of Arles, an opportunity to gain full authority over Savoy, Provence, and surrounding territories. Humbert was reluctant to take the crown and the conflict that would follow with all around him, so he declined, telling Louis that he should make peace with the church first.[2]

        The failure of later negotiations with the papacy led in 1338 to the declaration at Rhense by six electors to the effect that election by all or the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation.

        Louis also allied in 1337 with Edward III of England against Philip VI of France, the protector of the new Pope Benedict XII in Avignon. Philip had prevented any agreement between the emperor and the pope. In 1338 Edward III was the emperor's guest at the Imperial Diet in the Kastorkirche at Coblence and was named vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1341 Louis deserted Edward but came only temporarily to terms with Philip. The expected English payments were missing and Louis intended to reach an agreement with the pope one more time

        Family and children[edit]

        In 1308 Louis IV married his first wife, Beatrix of Świdnica. Their children were:
        1.Mathilde (aft. 21 June 1313 – 2 July 1346, Meißen), married at Nuremberg 1 July 1329 Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (d. 1349)
        2.Daughter (end September 1314 – died shortly after).
        3.Louis V the Brandenburger (July 1316 – 17/18 September 1361), duke of Upper Bavaria, margrave of Brandenburg, count of Tyrol
        4.Anna (c. July 1317[4] – 29 January 1319, Kastl)
        5.Agnes (c. 1318 – died shortly after).
        6.Stephen II (autumn 1319 – 19 May 1375), duke of Lower Bavaria

        In 1324 he married his second wife, Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut and Holland. Their children were:
        1.Margaret (1325 – 1374), married: 1.in 1351 in Ofen Stephen, Duke of Slavonia (d. 1354), son of the King Charles I of Hungary;
        2.1357/58 Gerlach von Hohenlohe.

        2.Anna (c. 1326 – 3 June 1361, Fontenelles) married John I of Lower Bavaria (d. 1340).
        3.Louis VI the Roman (7 May 1328 – 17 May 1365), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
        4.Elisabeth (1329 – 2 August 1402, Stuttgart), married: 1.Cangrande II della Scala, Lord of Verona (d. 1359) in Verona on 22 November 1350;
        2.Count Ulrich of Württemberg (died 1388 in the Battle of Döffingen) in 1362.

        5.William V of Holland (12 May 1330 – 15 April 1389), as William I duke of Lower Bavaria, as William III count of Hainaut.
        6.Agnes (Munich, 1335 – 11 November 1352, Munich).
        7.Albert I of Holland (25 Jul 1336 – 13 December 1404), duke of Lower Bavaria, count of Hainaut and Holland.
        8.Otto V the Bavarian (1340/42 – 15/16 November 1379), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
        9.Beatrix (1344 – 25 December 1359), married bef. 25 October 1356 Eric XII of Sweden.
        10.Louis (October 1347 – 1348

      • Citation:

        https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LK6X-186

      • Source text:

        Louis IV (German: Ludwig; 1 April 1282 – 11 October 1347), called the Bavarian, of the house of Wittelsbach, was King of the Romans from 1314, King of Italy from 1327, and Holy Roman Emperor from 1328.

        Louis IV was Duke of Upper Bavaria from 1294/1301 together with his elder brother Rudolf I, served as Margrave of Brandenburg until 1323, as Count Palatine of the Rhine until 1329, and he became Duke of Lower Bavaria in 1340. He obtained the titles Count of Hainaut, Holland, Zeeland, and Friesland in 1345 when his wife Margaret inherited them.

        Early reign as Duke of Upper Bavaria

        Louis was born in Munich, the son of Louis II, Duke of Upper Bavaria and Count Palatine of the Rhine, and Matilda, a daughter of King Rudolph I.

        Though Louis was partly educated in Vienna and became co-regent of his brother Rudolf I in Upper Bavaria in 1301 with the support of his Habsburg mother and her brother, King Albert I, he quarrelled with the Habsburgs from 1307 over possessions in Lower Bavaria. A civil war against his brother Rudolf due to new disputes on the partition of their lands was ended in 1313, when peace was made at Munich.

        In the same year, on November 9, Louis defeated his Habsburg cousin Frederick the Fair who was further aided by duke Leopold I.[1] Originally, he was a friend of Frederick, with whom he had been raised. However, armed conflict arose when the guardianship over the young Dukes of Lower Bavaria (Henry XIV, Otto IV, and Henry XV) was entrusted to Frederick, even though the late Duke Otto III, the former King of Hungary, had chosen Louis. On 9 November 1313, Frederick was defeated by Louis in the Battle of Gamelsdorf and had to renounce the tutelage. This victory caused a stir within the Holy Roman Empire and increased the reputation of the Bavarian Duke.

        Election as German King and conflict with Habsburg

        The death of Holy Roman Emperor Henry VII in August 1313 necessitated the election of a successor. Henry's son John, King of Bohemia since 1310, seemed too powerful to most prince-electors, opening the door for other candidates. The most likely choice was Frederick the Fair, the son of Henry's predecessor, Albert I, of the House of Habsburg. In reaction, the pro-Luxemburg party among the prince electors settled on Louis as its candidate to prevent Frederick's election.

        On 19 October 1314, Archbishop Henry II Cologne chaired an assembly of four electors assembled at Sachsenhausen, south of Frankfurt. Participants were Louis's brother, Rudolph I of the Palatinate, who objected to the election of his younger brother, Duke Rudolph I of Saxe-Wittenberg, and Henry of Carinthia, whom the Luxemburgs had deposed as King of Bohemia. These four elector chose Frederick as King.

        The Luxemburg party did not accept this election and the next day a second election was held. Upon the instigation of Peter of Aspelt, Archbishop of Mainz, five different electors convened at Frankfurt and elected Louis as King. These electors were Archbishop Peter himself, Archbishop Baldwin of Trier and King John of Bohemia - both of the House of Luxemburg - Margrave Waldemar of Brandenburg and Duke John II of Saxe-Lauenburg, who contested his Rudolph of Wittenbergs claim to the electoral vote.

        This double election was quickly followed by two coronations: Louis was crowned at Aachen - the customary site of coronations - by Archbishop Peter of Mainz, while the Archbishop of Cologne, who by custom had the right to crown the new king, crowned Frederick at Bonn. In the following conflict between the kings, Louis recognized in 1316 the independence of Switzerland from the Habsburg dynasty.

        After several years of bloody war, victory finally seemed within the grasp of Frederick, who was strongly supported by his brother Leopold. However, Frederick's army was decisively defeated in the Battle of Mühldorf on 28 September 1322 on the Ampfing Heath, where Frederick and 1300 nobles from Austria and Salzburg were captured.

        Louis held Frederick captive in Trausnitz Castle (Schwandorf) for three years, but the determined resistance by Frederick's brother Leopold, the retreat of John of Bohemia from his alliance, and the Pope's ban induced Louis to release Frederick in the Treaty of Trausnitz of 13 March 1325. In this agreement, Frederick recognized Louis as legitimate ruler and undertook to return to captivity if he did not succeed in convincing his brothers to submit to Louis.

        As he did not manage to overcome Leopold's obstinacy, Frederick returned to Munich as a prisoner, even though the Pope had released him from his oath. Louis, who was impressed by such nobility, renewed the old friendship with Frederick, and they agreed to rule the Empire jointly. Since the Pope and the electors strongly objected to this agreement, another treaty was signed at Ulm on 7 January 1326, according to which Frederick would administer Germany as King of the Romans, while Louis would be crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in Italy. However, after Leopold's death in 1326, Frederick withdrew from the regency of the Empire and returned to rule only Austria. He died on 13 January 1330.

        Despite Louis' victory, Pope John XXII still refused to ratify his election, and in 1324 he excommunicated Louis, but the sanction had less effect than in earlier disputes between emperors

        Coronation as Holy Roman Emperor and conflict with the Pope

        Holy Roman Emperor

        After the reconciliation with the Habsburgs in 1326, Louis marched to Italy and was crowned King of Italy in Milan in 1327. Already in 1323 Louis had sent an army to Italy to protect Milan against the Kingdom of Naples, which was together with France the strongest ally of the papacy. But now the Lord of Milan Galeazzo I Visconti was deposed since he was suspected of conspiring with the pope.

        In January 1328 Louis entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor by the aged senator Sciarra Colonna, called captain of the Roman people. Three months later Louis published a decree declaring "Jacque de Cahors" (Pope John XXII) deposed on grounds of heresy. He then installed a Spiritual Franciscan, Pietro Rainalducci, as Nicholas V, but both left Rome in August 1328. In the meantime Robert, King of Naples had sent both a fleet and an army against Louis and his ally Peter II of Sicily. Louis spent the winter 1328/29 in Pisa and stayed then in Northern Italy until his co-ruler Frederick of Habsburg had died. In fulfilment of an oath, on his return from Italy Louis founded Ettal Abbey on 28 April 1330.

        Franciscan theologians Michael of Cesena, and William of Ockham and the philosopher Marsilius of Padua, who were on bad terms with the Pope as well, joined Louis in Italy and accompanied him to his court in Munich.

        In 1333, Louis sought to counter French influence in the southwest of the empire, and offered Humbert II of Viennois the Kingdom of Arles, an opportunity to gain full authority over Savoy, Provence, and surrounding territories. Humbert was reluctant to take the crown and the conflict that would follow with all around him, so he declined, telling Louis that he should make peace with the church first.[2]

        The failure of later negotiations with the papacy led in 1338 to the declaration at Rhense by six electors to the effect that election by all or the majority of the electors automatically conferred the royal title and rule over the empire, without papal confirmation.

        Louis also allied in 1337 with Edward III of England against Philip VI of France, the protector of the new Pope Benedict XII in Avignon. Philip had prevented any agreement between the emperor and the pope. In 1338 Edward III was the emperor's guest at the Imperial Diet in the Kastorkirche at Coblence and was named vicar-general of the Holy Roman Empire. In 1341 Louis deserted Edward but came only temporarily to terms with Philip. The expected English payments were missing and Louis intended to reach an agreement with the pope one more time

        Family and children[edit]

        In 1308 Louis IV married his first wife, Beatrix of Świdnica. Their children were:
        1.Mathilde (aft. 21 June 1313 – 2 July 1346, Meißen), married at Nuremberg 1 July 1329 Frederick II, Margrave of Meissen (d. 1349)
        2.Daughter (end September 1314 – died shortly after).
        3.Louis V the Brandenburger (July 1316 – 17/18 September 1361), duke of Upper Bavaria, margrave of Brandenburg, count of Tyrol
        4.Anna (c. July 1317[4] – 29 January 1319, Kastl)
        5.Agnes (c. 1318 – died shortly after).
        6.Stephen II (autumn 1319 – 19 May 1375), duke of Lower Bavaria

        In 1324 he married his second wife, Margaret II, Countess of Hainaut and Holland. Their children were:
        1.Margaret (1325 – 1374), married: 1.in 1351 in Ofen Stephen, Duke of Slavonia (d. 1354), son of the King Charles I of Hungary;
        2.1357/58 Gerlach von Hohenlohe.

        2.Anna (c. 1326 – 3 June 1361, Fontenelles) married John I of Lower Bavaria (d. 1340).
        3.Louis VI the Roman (7 May 1328 – 17 May 1365), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
        4.Elisabeth (1329 – 2 August 1402, Stuttgart), married: 1.Cangrande II della Scala, Lord of Verona (d. 1359) in Verona on 22 November 1350;
        2.Count Ulrich of Württemberg (died 1388 in the Battle of Döffingen) in 1362.

        5.William V of Holland (12 May 1330 – 15 April 1389), as William I duke of Lower Bavaria, as William III count of Hainaut.
        6.Agnes (Munich, 1335 – 11 November 1352, Munich).
        7.Albert I of Holland (25 Jul 1336 – 13 December 1404), duke of Lower Bavaria, count of Hainaut and Holland.
        8.Otto V the Bavarian (1340/42 – 15/16 November 1379), duke of Upper Bavaria, elector of Brandenburg.
        9.Beatrix (1344 – 25 December 1359), married bef. 25 October 1356 Eric XII of Sweden.
        10.Louis (October 1347 – 1348

      • Citation:

        https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LK6X-186